Biography of Ernest Lawrence, Inventor of the Cyclotron

Ernest Lawrence (August 8, 1901–August 27, 1958) was an American physicist who invented the cyclotron, a device used to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern with the help of a magnetic field. The cyclotron and its successors have been integral to the field of high-energy physics. Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention. Lawrence also played an essential role in the Manhattan Project, procuring much of the uranium isotope used in the atomic bomb launched on Hiroshima, Japan. In addition, he was notable for advocating government sponsorship of large research programs, or Big Science. Fast Facts: Ernest Lawrence Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: Winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the cyclotron; worked on the Manhattan ProjectBorn: August 8, 1901 in Canton, South DakotaDied: August 27, 1958 in Palo Alto, CaliforniaParents: Carl and Gunda LawrenceEducation: University of South Dakota (B.A.), University of Minnesota (M.A.), Yale University (Ph.D.)Spouse: Mary Kimberly (Molly) BlumerChildren: Eric, Robert, Barbara, Mary, Margaret, and Susan Early Life and Education Ernest Lawrence was the eldest son of Carl and Gunda Lawrence, who were both educators of Norwegian ancestry. He grew up around people who went on to become successful scientists: his younger brother John collaborated with him on the medical applications of the cyclotron, and his childhood best friend Merle Tuve was a pioneering physicist. Lawrence attended Canton High School, then studied for a year at Saint Olaf College in Minnesota before transferring to the University of South Dakota. There, he earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry, graduating in 1922. Initially a premed student, Lawrence switched to physics with the encouragement of Lewis Akeley, a dean and a professor of physics and chemistry at the university. As an influential figure in Lawrence’s life, Dean Akeley’s picture would later hang on the wall of Lawrence’s office, a gallery that included notable scientists such as Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford. Lawrence earned his master’s degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1923, then a Ph.D. from Yale in 1925. He remained at Yale for three more years, first as a research fellow and later assistant professor, before becoming an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1928. In 1930, at the age of 29, Lawrence became a full professor at Berkeley—the youngest-ever faculty member to hold that title. Inventing the Cyclotron Lawrence came up with the idea of the cyclotron after poring over a diagram in a paper written by the Norwegian engineer Rolf Wideroe. Wideroes paper described a device that could produce high-energy particles by â€Å"pushing† them back and forth between two linear electrodes. However, accelerating particles to high enough energies for study would require linear electrodes that were too long to contain within a laboratory. Lawrence realized that a circular, rather than linear, accelerator could employ a similar method to accelerate charged particles in a spiral pattern. Lawrence developed the cyclotron with some of his first graduate students, including Niels Edlefsen and M. Stanley Livingston. Edlefsen helped develop the first proof-of-concept of the cyclotron: a 10-centimeter, circular device made of bronze, wax, and glass. Subsequent cyclotrons were larger and capable of accelerating particles to higher and higher energies. A cyclotron roughly 50 times bigger than the first was completed in 1946. It required a magnet that weighed 4,000 tons and a building that was about 160 feet in diameter and 100 feet tall. Manhattan Project During World War II, Lawrence worked on the Manhattan Project, helping to develop the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb required the â€Å"fissionable† isotope of uranium, uranium-235, and needed to be separated from the much more abundant isotope uranium-238. Lawrence proposed that the two could be separated because of their small mass difference, and developed working devices called â€Å"calutrons† that could separate the two isotopes electromagnetically. Lawrence’s calutrons were used to separate out uranium-235, which was then purified by other devices. Most of the uranium-235 in the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, Japan was obtained using Lawrence’s devices. Later Life and Death After World War II, Lawrence campaigned for Big Science: massive government spending on large scientific programs. He was part of the U.S. delegation at the 1958 Geneva Conference, which was an attempt to suspend the testing of atomic bombs. However, Lawrence became ill while at Geneva and returned to Berkeley, where he died one month later on August 27, 1958. After Lawrences death, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were named in his honor. Legacy Lawrence’s largest contribution was the development of the cyclotron. With his cyclotron, Lawrence produced an element that did not occur in nature, technetium, as well as radioisotopes. Lawrence also explored the cyclotron’s applications in biomedical research; for example, the cyclotron could produce radioactive isotopes, which could be used to treat cancer or as tracers for studies in metabolism. The cyclotron design later inspired particle accelerators, such as the synchrotron, which have been used to make significant strides in particle physics. The Large Hadron Collider, which was used to discover the Higgs boson, is a synchrotron. Sources Alvarez, Luis W. Ernest Orlando Lawrence. (1970): 251-294.†American Institute of Physics.† Lawrence and the bomb.† n.d.Berdahl, Robert M. The Lawrence Legacy. 10 December 2001.Birge, Raymond T. Presentation of the Nobel Prize to professor Ernest O. Lawrence. Science (1940): 323-329.Hiltzik, Michael. Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex. Simon Schuster, 2016.Keats, Jonathon. â€Å"The man who invented Big Science, Ernest Lawrence.† 16 July 2015.Rosenfeld, Carrie. â€Å"Ernest O. Lawrence (1901 - 1958).† n.d.Yarris, Lynn. â€Å"Lab mourns death of Molly Lawrence, widow of Ernest O. Lawrence.† January 8 2003.

Martin Luther King s Speech - 962 Words

Martin Luther King speech had a big impact through the society. He was once a hero, who stood to speak for everyone’s right, that all men should be equal. As a community, people acknowledge the change that Martin Luther King started. It occurred that hope will always occur to be alive in circumstance of rich or poorer, high or low. Culture brought people together for a reason to improve the past and come up with a solution to change and make a difference to end people’s agony. Where different stages conflicts a lot of sacrifices that Martin Luther King and other people who claim the change will be a big thing for everyone to hear through his speech. It is crucial that discrimination took a major role in equality of race, color, religion, and genders. In his song, â€Å"I have a Dream,† Common and Will.I.Am treats culture as an honorable way that refines how equality alters the change in Martin Luther King’s speech help but noticed how every significance ha ppened in time, people are fighting for their civil rights. In Common’s rap lyrics, he expanded Martin Luther King speech. He stated many conflicts through his metaphor words. As it mentioned many things like— â€Å"It’s a Cold War- I’m a colder soldier†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€as tough of a cold war, people manage to stay strong and it is worth fighting for freedom. The lyrics, â€Å"Rap music in the hood played a fatherly role, My story’s like yours, yo it gotta be told,† points out that discrimination that happened in the past should be told. A rap songShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King s Speech1188 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King’s speech, I Have a Dream, rallied a historic march on August 28, 1963 to Washington, to show the importance of solving the United States racial problems. A large crowd of people gathered and listened to his uplifting and amazing words, (Garrison, 1831, pg. 2577). â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!† (Garrison, 1831, p. 2581)Read MoreMartin Luther King s Speech932 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Speech contrasted to Frederick Douglass Speech â€Å" I Have A Dream’† (King) Speech made by Martin Luther King, shows significant passion for freedom and for a future among different nationality. What To The Slave Is The 4th Of July?† (Douglass) Speech made by Fredrick Douglass expressed his will to make a difference in the world, before slavery was abolished by Abraham Lincoln. Both were striking speech on discrimination. Slavery was present in the beginning years of ourRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Speech914 Words   |  4 PagesAt the time of Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, there was a very â€Å"heavy† racism issue in the United States. African-Americans saw themselves being victimized by a corrupted system. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of many civil rights activists that came out during that period, in the middle of the 20th century. â€Å"I have a Dream† speech symbolized the chaos in 1963; Martin Luther King Jr. used it to give hope to the hundreds of thousands of African-Americans who marched for freedom, and also to createRead MoreMartin Luther King s Speech887 Words   |  4 Pagesas Martin Luther King junior dreams did? Martin Luther King dreams of a world where there is true freedom, justice, and equality for blacks and whites. As he calls his fellow native Africans to stand up for their civil rights so that one day there will be no difference between black and white. By observing the goals King presents, what techniques he uses and how he appeals to his audience, we can then discover how effective these techniques are in achieving his goals. When dissecting Martin LutherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Speech1460 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific way. One of the reason why this text became the most popular text of our century. First of the speaker Martin Luther King Junior deliver his how he delivered his speech in a majestic way is a preacher of the Southern Southern Christian Leadership Conference, (Martin Luther King, Jr.) BIOGRAPHY, familiar with public speeches â€Å"I have a dream†: Who doesn’t have Martin Luther King speech resonating in his head when he hears these worlds. â€Å"I have a dream† When this repetition is so well used thanRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr s Speech970 Words   |  4 Pages What makes Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s speech so important till this day? It’s ability to still move people. Dr. King Jr. was one of the best speakers of his time during the Civil Rights Movement. He wrote many distinguished works, two of them being his I Have a Dream Speech and his letter, Letters from Birmingham. Letters from Birmingham Jail was written from jail after he was shortly arrested for attempting to share his views with clergymen on this racial injustice. Dr. King delivered his I HaveRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Speech1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech, â€Å"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence†, King asserts that the war in Vietnam is a â⠂¬Å"symptom† (7) of a much larger disease that affects the â€Å"American spirit† (7). The disease King mentions is causing destruction where ever it is found, and in the case of the Vietnam war, it has led to their oppression and the death of people. In the section, Strange Liberators, King states, â€Å"They move sadly and apathetically as we heard them off the land of their fathers intoRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Speech1318 Words   |  6 PagesAugust 28 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his infamous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† to America. His dream highlighted the injustices of segregation and discrimination of African Americans that took place in this nation every single day. Dr. King inspired thousands despite the color of their skin, to take a stance against racism, with his powerful way with words. In his speech MLK efficaciously uses, Ethos, Pathos, and Logos by using allusions, developing credibility, in his speech to persuade allRead Mor eMartin Luther King s I Have A Dream Speech891 Words   |  4 PagesSince Kindergarten, teachers have been teaching students about Martin Luther King Junior’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Ever since children have been born, they have celebrated Independence Day by either going to a parade, or shooting fireworks. Although, at these young ages, children don’t quite know the real importance of each of them. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted every human being, regardless of their race to be treated fairly or just. Independence Day was the day on July 4, 1776 where fifty-sixRead MoreMartin Luther King s I Have A Dream Speech961 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s Historic â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech Dr. Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written and delivered on August 28, 1963, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and remains one of the most historically influential and world-changing speeches of all time. Fifty-two years later, this speech is considered to be one of the best persuasive speeches ever delivered. Dr. King is not only attempting to persuade his audience to understand the plight of minorities in the United

Religion and Ethnic Diversity Free Essays

Religion is something that many people around the world practice. There are many different types of religion and each religion have their own beliefs and practices. I wanted to learn more about Jehovah’s Witnesses; this is a religion that I am unfamiliar with. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Ethnic Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jehovah’s Witnesses consider themselves to be Christian, they base their practices and beliefs on their own translation and meaning of the Bible (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Jehovah’s Witnesses call themselves this because God’s name is Jehovah; they feel it is only right to call him by his name. A witness is a person who proclaims views or truths of which he is convinced; thus Jehovah’s Witnesses designates them as a group of Christians who proclaim the truth about Jehovah. Jehovah Witnesses have very different beliefs than other people who consider themselves Christians. Jehovah Witnesses do not celebrate certain holidays; Christmas and Easter are two of the most common holidays celebrated by other religious groups who consider themselves as Christians. According to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2013), Jesus Christ commanded that we commemorate his death, not his resurrection or his birth. They also believe that there is no record of when Jesus was born and that Christmas was derived from Pagan religion and tradition and adopted by other religions (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Easter is to be considered a holiday not of God, and that by other Christians celebrating Easter they are offending God. According to Jehovah Witnesses beliefs Easter has to do with ancient fertility rites and the worship of the Sun and all the new life it can bring religions (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). According to many religions involving Christianity, the Cross is a universal symbol used to identify their faith and Christianity. Jehovah’s witnesses believe that this does not symbolize a person’s faith or loyalty to God but, the cross is merely a created thing and that you can only show your love for God through self-sacrificing love, and that is the only true way to identify oneself as a follower of God. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not share the same beliefs as other religions that consider themselves Christian however, they do not disrespect other religions, and instead they try and educate people about their religion and beliefs hoping to show other people what they believe the correct way to follow God and his ways. Jehovah’s Witnesses that are baptized in this religion are required to follow the rules and beliefs and if they stray from those beliefs they could be shunned or dishonored from the religion and its followers. Jehovah’s Witnesses claim that all preachers and leaders of the congregation are all volunteers and any finances come out of their own pockets. Jehovah Witnesses believe that other religions perceive them as a cult or a group broken away from a religion. They perceive themselves as a religious group re-establishing the form of Christianity that was formed in the first century. They are very adamant that their teachings derive from the Bible itself and not any one person (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Jehovah’s Witnesses have contributed to American culture in a couple different ways, one being through disaster relief. Their assistance in disaster relief has helped both those of their religion and those not of their religion but, they take care of those within their faith/religion first. Jehovah’s Witnesses also played a big role in religious freedoms. For example, children saluting the flag in the classroom; Jehovah’s Witnesses brought a case to the Supreme Court stating that it violated First Amendment Rights (Burroughs, 2008-2013). Another way that Jehovah’s Witnesses has contributed to American culture is through the medical field. Jehovah Witnesses cannot accept blood transfusions, so a Pennsylvania hospitals found ways to offer bloodless surgeries and procedures to Jehovah’s Witnesses; they have been doing this for over fifteen years. It is because of this and all the upgraded and growing technology that hospitals are able to offer bloodless surgeries to the public as well (Burroughs, 2008-2013). I have learned a great deal by researching and gathering information about Jehovah’s Witnesses. I realize that people that follow this religion are just practicing what they believe in and how they perceive the way that their God wants them to live their lives. I may not agree with some of their beliefs or practices but, it is not my religion and I respect their decisions to follow their faith how they choose. Hispanics and Latinos make up a large portion of America today. According to the United States Census Bureau, in the year 2010, sixteen percent of all Americans were of Hispanic or Latino decent (Ennis, Rios-Vargas, Albert, 2011), so this race/ethnicity is definitely adding to American culture and way of life. Heritage has the same meaning no matter what your race or ethnicity; heritage refers to the customs and traditions that are handed down from generation to generation. Hispanics and Latinos speak a language called Spanish, not all do but, majority know how to speak, read and write in Spanish. Hispanics and Latinos are known for some most excellent tasting foods, this is part of their heritage. Their food is known for its robust flavors and for being spicy. Common foods that Hispanics and Latinos are known for are dishes like; moles (pronounced moh-lay), tamales, tortillas and carna asada to name a few. Unlike other races or ethnicities, Hispanic and Latinos are known for their elaborate celebrations. They like to celebrate major life events, and they do so very elegantly with bright colors, music and dancing. It is very common at Hispanic/Latino celebration to see Mariachi’s; these are dancers and musicians playing Mexican folklore music and having dancers in native bright colorful dresses. It really is quite beautiful to see and hear. Other things that Hispanics and Latinos have brought to American culture are things like crafts, such as terra cotta pots or planter and sculptures and also pinatas, a paper mache decoration that hold candies and toys. Hispanics and Latinos have added a so much to American culture not only with their traditions but also with their religious beliefs. Hispanics and Latinos are very religious, majority share the religion of Catholic. The main celebrations of Hispanic religion are: Lent called, Cuaresma; Holy Week called, Semana Santa; Christmas called, La Navidad; Three Kings Day or Los Tres Reyes Magos. Some Americans and other races/ethnicities also share and celebrate these holidays as well. Hispanics and Latinos have had a very difficult road with migration to American. They often run across difficulties with regard to discrimination and prejudice. Many Americans believe that Hispanics and Latinos have taken away jobs and that they have sought American government aid that should be only available to American citizens. Still today Hispanics and Latinos endure discrimination and prejudice. Some discriminate or are prejudice against them because of their skin color, the language they speak and because they have large families. Other reasons they are discriminated against them is through employment, some feel it is okay to pay Hispanics or Latinos smaller wages; especially if they are in the country illegally, people degrade them and pay them little amounts of money for labor/work. How to cite Religion and Ethnic Diversity, Papers

IOT for User Interface and Networking Cables-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIOT for User Interface and Networking Cables. Answer: User Interface (UI) has become an integral element of the present day applications. However, it is stated that no UI is the best UI. The statement is apt as it is best to make use of the natural gestures and behavior of the user rather than sticking on the user interface that is implemented in the application. These gestures may include voice, smell, hand gestures etc. The business units and organizations are moving to the use of no UI in the applications in order to allow enhanced user experience (Josh, 2016). For instance, in case of an application that is designed to monitor, manage and execute the operations related to an automobile shall make use of no UI. In case of unlocking of the door of the automobile, presence of a UI may involve additional steps such as navigating through the phone, pressing of buttons etc. With no UI, the user will be able to unlock the door in lesser steps. The same applies in the case of ordering a food item in a caf. The presence of UI would require navigating through several screens and selection of multiple options which would be done in a two to three steps without UI (Cooper, 2012). Parameter Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fibre Optic Cable Bandwidth Low bandwidth up to 3 MHz Moderate to high bandwidth up to 350 MHz High bandwidth up to 2 GHz Distance Ranges in the distance of two to ten kilometer Ranges in the distance of one to ten kilometer Ranges in the distance of ten to hundred kilometer (Cisco, 2003) Interference Rating Cost It is the cheapest medium that may be used in the communication and networking field (Beacon, 2017) It is moderately expensive as it costs more than the twisted pair cables but is cheaper than the fibre optic cables It is most expensive out of all the three. Security These are easy to tap as compared to the rest of the cables. Also, these cables may also transmit electricity which makes it easier to intercept the data These are moderately difficult to tap as compared to the rest of the cables. Also, these cables do may transmit electricity which makes it possible to intercept the data (Fiberopticshare, 2017) These are most difficult to tap as compared to the rest of the cables. Also, these cables do not transmit electricity which makes it difficult to intercept the data Type of IoT Devices Advantages of the IoT devices Disadvantages of the IoT devices Key Requirements of the IoT devices Examples and Applications Sensors Flexible and can adapt to changes Variable sizes of the sensors are available in market which can allow them to be installed in any application and service Might be required to be configured manually which may be time taking Operational and technical errors may occur which may lead to the deterioration of the services and the performance of the application Presence of technical framework Manufacturing unit Application gateway Smart parking systems Home automation systems RFID Versatile in nature Enhanced security Provides location as well as ID Costlier than the rest of the devices Needs to be programmed which may take more time for deployment and implementation (Rfwireless, 2017) Active and Passive tags shall be present and installed Program or a code to be implemented Tracking of the luggage Departmental stores Video Tracking Location based service Real-time applications Expensive in nature Difficult to implement Use and application of advanced tracking tools Application gateway to make the application available and accessible for the end-users Surveillance tools and applications Public transport vehicles There are a number of security and privacy issues that are associated with the Internet of Things (IoT). Some of these issues are as listed below. Information breaches and leakage may be caused in case of IoT applications due to the presence and involvement of a varied elements and devices. There may be an active attack of the malware which may lead to the negative impacts on the information properties such as integrity, confidentiality and availability. There are many availability attacks such as denial of service, distributed denial of service and flooding attacks that may take place. The performance of the IoT application may fall which in turn may lead to a complete breakdown as well (Lu, 2014). There are numerous devices that may be used in case of IoT applications. There are various issues that are associated with these devices as well as the devices may get lost or may be stolen. It would lead to the exposure of the information present within the device. There may be a number of network-based security issues that may be executed such as man in the middle attacks, eavesdropping attacks and several other forms of the attacks (Yousuf, 2015). In publish/subscribe communication model, only a set of messages are processed at a time. Hence in this case, the time budget will get reduced by the number as set by the sensor. Jacob Nielsen is a Danish web usability consultant. Nielsens law states that the connection speed of the high-end users may witness an average increase of up to 50% in a span on one year. Moores law was given by the co-founder of Intel, Gordon Moore. He observed that the number of transistors per square inch that were present on the integrated circuits doubled with each passing year. He stated that the same trend will be applicable in the future applications and connections as well. Nielsens law and Moores law have a close connection with each other. The growth rate that is specified in the Nielsens law is somewhat slower than the one that is stated in the Moores law. The user experience in both the cases remains dependant on the bandwidth (Nngroup, 2017). There are a number of Internet of Things (IoT) applications that have been developed that make use of a number of devices and connections. Nielsens law can be applied in case of the IoT applications as these applications have a larger dependency upon the networks. Also, the use of these IoT applications by the high-end users may lead to the enhancement of the connection speeds and the application performance. References Beacon. (2017). Fiber Optics vs. Coaxial Cables - The Beacon. The Beacon. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://fios.verizon.com/beacon/fiber-optics-vs-coaxial-cables/ Cisco, `. (2003). CCNA: Network Media Types Twisted-Pair Cable. Ciscopress.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276 Cooper. (2012). The best interface is no interface | Cooper. Cooper.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.cooper.com/journal/2012/08/the-best-interface-is-no-interface Fiberopticshare. (2017). Use Coaxial Cable, Twisted Pair Cable or Fiber Optic Cable?. Fiber Optic Network Products | FS.COM. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.fiberopticshare.com/use-coaxial-cable-twisted-pair-cable-or-fiber-optic-cable-for-lan.html Josh. (2016). No UI is the Best UI Josh Medium. Medium. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://medium.com/@joshdotai/no-ui-is-the-best-ui-cfeab4cae641 Lu, C. (2014). Overview of Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-14/ftp/security.pdf Nngroup. (2017). Nielsen's Law of Internet Bandwidth. Nngroup.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/law-of-bandwidth/ Rfwireless. (2017). Advantages of RFID | Disadvantages of RFID. Rfwireless-world.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-RFID.html Yousuf, T. (2015). Internet of Things (IoT) Security: Current Status, Challenges and Countermeasures. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.aloul.net/Papers/faloul_ijisr15.pdf